Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking: From the Effective Action to Cosmological Phase Transitions in the Standard Model and Beyond

TL;DR

This paper investigates cosmological phase transitions, especially electroweak symmetry breaking, using effective potential methods, and explores extensions of the Standard Model that could explain baryon asymmetry.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of finite-temperature effective potentials and explores Standard Model extensions that enable strong first-order electroweak phase transitions for baryogenesis.

Findings

Standard Model's electroweak phase transition is too weak for baryogenesis.

Singlet extensions can produce a strong enough phase transition.

Parameter space of singlet models is constrained by phenomenology.

Abstract

The primary objective of this work is to investigate the cosmological phase transitions in the early Universe, with a focus on the electroweak phase transition in the Standard Model and its extensions. In the Standard Model, the spontaneously broken electroweak symmetry at zero temperature is restored in the early Universe due to finite-temperature effects. This phenomenon is studied using the effective potential at finite temperatures, which determines the true vacuum state of the theory. Symmetry restoration at high temperatures is also studied by the finite-temperature field theory introduced to derive the Feynman rules at finite temperatures using the imaginary-time formalism. Furthermore, we present the theory of cosmological phase transitions, focusing on the concepts of thermal tunneling and bubble nucleation. We additionally discuss the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe to formulate the conditions for baryogenesis and describe electroweak baryogenesis. Therefore, the one-loop effective potential in the Standard Model at finite temperatures is derived in detail including the ring corrections to study further the electroweak baryogenesis. Our results indicate that the electroweak phase transition is not strong enough to explain the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe. On the other hand, the real singlet extensions of the Standard Model describe a strong enough electroweak phase transition and the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe. These extensions are also discussed including a dimension-six operator, which originates from an effective field theory. In particular, the parameter space of this singlet extension is examined extensively, while it is restricted by numerous phenomenological constraints, such as the invisible Higgs decay width.