Comet C/2012 S1 (ISON) crossing the Jupiter orbit

TL;DR

This study conducted intensive imaging of comet C/2012 S1 (ISON) near Jupiter's orbit, aiming to detect nucleus rotation but found no significant brightness modulation, indicating a quiet state with a stable dust coma.

Contribution

First detailed time-resolved photometry and deep imaging of comet ISON near Jupiter's orbit, setting upper limits on nucleus rotation period and analyzing coma and tail features.

Findings

No detectable brightness modulation, upper limit of 0.05 mag

Stable 30 arcsecond tail with no substructure

Comet exhibited a quiet dust coma during observations

Abstract

We report results of intensive time-resolved imaging photometry and synoptic deep imaging of the comet C/2012 S1 (ISON) performed in February 2013. The data were obtained at the Wise Observatory in Israel (WO), at the Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT) in India, and at the Polaris Observatory Association in California, USA. During this period, the comet's heliocentric distance changed from 4.9 to 4.6 AU, just within the orbit of Jupiter. We analyze these early images in an attempt to determine the nuclear rotation period, assuming that at these relatively large heliocentric distances it would be possible to detect the photometric modulation of a rotating nucleus against an underdeveloped coma. Since this is not evident in our February 2013 data, with more than 400 independent photometric measurements analyzed, we can only set upper limits of 0.05 mag for periodic brightness modulations. We discuss (and discount) a possible brightening event (minor outburst) that occurred on $15-16$ February 2013. We also present deep synoptic images of the comet, obtained by combining our exposures for each night, and analyze them. We find that during the period of our observations the comet exhibited a $\sim$$30^{\prime\prime}\simeq 60000$-km tail with no substructures visible and that this appearance did not change throughout our campaign. The comet, as indicated by a single spectroscopic measurement obtained during this observation period, showed a dust coma reflecting the solar light. Our observations indicate that during February 2013, comet ISON was relatively quiet, with the dust coma presumably hiding any light modulation by a spinning nucleus.