The Lyman-limit photon mean free path at the end of late reionisation in the Sherwood-Relics simulations

TL;DR

This study uses Sherwood-Relics simulations to analyze the mean free path of Lyman-limit photons during late reionisation, revealing its dependence on ionised structures and implications for high-redshift galaxy observations.

Contribution

It provides new simulation-based insights into the evolution of the Lyman-limit photon mean free path during the final stages of reionisation, matching recent observational data.

Findings

Simulations align with observed mean free paths at z<6.

Highly ionised Lyman-alpha forest absorbers dominate opacity.

Halo environments significantly influence mean free path during reionisation.

Abstract

Recent evidence supporting reionisation ending at redshift z<6 includes the rapid redshift evolution of the mean free path for Lyman-limit photons through the intergalactic medium at 5<z<6. Here we investigate the mean free path predicted by the Sherwood-Relics suite of hybrid radiation hydrodynamical simulations. Simulations with comoving volumes of 40^3 h^-3 cMpc^3 (160^3 h^-3 cMpc^3), calibrated to match the observed Lyman-alpha forest transmission with a late end to reionisation at z<6, are consistent with recent mean free path measurements at z<5.9, and are 1.2\sigma (1.8\sigma) above the highest redshift mean free path measurement at z=5.93. The majority of the Lyman-limit opacity at the end of reionisation is attributable to highly ionised Lyman-alpha forest absorbers with neutral hydrogen column densities N_HI=10^16--10^17 cm^-2. Resolving these systems is critical for capturing the redshift evolution of the mean free path during the final stages of reionisation. After reionisation completes, overdense gas will reduce the mean free path by up to 20 per cent around haloes with masses M_h ~ 10^9--10^11 h^-1 M_sol, but during reionisation ionised bubbles will instead boost the mean free path around haloes by up to an order of magnitude when the IGM is as much as 90 per cent neutral by volume. This effect will play an important role in the visibility of Lyman-alpha emitting galaxies at z>10 discovered with JWST.