Cosmological Particle Creation Using an Equal-Time Wigner Formalism

TL;DR

This paper investigates scalar particle creation in an expanding universe using an equal-time Wigner formalism, clarifying particle definitions and comparing results with traditional methods through numerical analysis.

Contribution

It introduces a quantum kinetic approach to define and analyze particle creation in cosmology, providing a clearer interpretation and comparison with standard techniques.

Findings

Defined particle number via phase-space functions

Compared kinetic and Bogoliubov particle numbers

Analyzed effects of regularization on interpretation

Abstract

It is well known that the expansion of the universe can create particles. However, due to ambiguities when defining particles during the expansion, there are still debates about how to choose vacuum and particle states. To clarify how particles are produced in an expanding universe, we study the creation of real scalar particles in flat FLRW spacetimes by using a recently developed equal-time Wigner formalism. By comparing this quantum kinetic formalism with the standard Bogoliubov approach, we make a natural definition of a particle number in terms of kinetic phase-space functions, which we then compare with common adiabatic particle numbers. With inspiration from flat spacetime QED, we perform numerical calculations and discuss the interpretation of the particle numbers in terms of a hypothetical switch-off in the expansion rate. Finally, we consider how this interpretation is affected by regularization.