Counting of surfaces and computational complexity in column sums of symmetric group character tables

TL;DR

This paper explores the combinatorial and computational complexity of summing symmetric group characters, linking it to topological interpretations and classifying the problem's difficulty within complexity classes.

Contribution

It establishes the complexity class of computing column sums of symmetric group characters and identifies a tractable subset related to genus zero covers, with new bounds and properties.

Findings

Column sum computation is in complexity class extsf{#P}.

Vanishing of column sums is characterized by permutation parity.

Lower bounds and super-additivity properties for column sums are proven.

Abstract

The character table of the symmetric group $S_n$, of permutations of $n$ objects, is of fundamental interest in theoretical physics, combinatorics as well as computational complexity theory. We investigate the implications of an identity, which has a geometrical interpretation in combinatorial topological field theories, relating the column sum of normalised central characters of $S_n$ to a sum of structure constants of multiplication in the centre of the group algebra of $S_n$. The identity leads to the proof that a combinatorial computation of the column sum belongs to complexity class \shP. The sum of structure constants has an interpretation in terms of the counting of branched covers of the sphere. This allows the identification of a tractable subset of the structure constants related to genus zero covers. We use this subset to prove that the column sum for a conjugacy class labelled by partition $\lambda$ is non-vanishing if and only if the permutations in the conjugacy class are even. This leads to the result that the determination of the vanishing or otherwise of the column sum is in complexity class \pP. The subset gives a positive lower bound on the column sum for any even $ \lambda$. For any disjoint decomposition of $ \lambda$ as $\lambda_1 \sqcup \lambda_2 $ we obtain a lower bound for the column sum at $ \lambda$ in terms of the product of the column sums for $ \lambda_1$ and$\lambda_2$. This can be expressed as a super-additivity property for the logarithms of column sums of normalized characters.