Micropores can enhance intrinsic fracture energy of hydrogels

TL;DR

This study uses simulations to show that micropores in hydrogels significantly increase their fracture energy by promoting uniform energy distribution, offering insights into designing more fatigue-resistant soft materials.

Contribution

It introduces a simulation-based analysis revealing how micropores enhance hydrogel fracture energy through pore interactions and energy distribution mechanisms.

Findings

Polymer scission occurs across multiple layers, not just one.

Micropores substantially increase fracture energy proportional to pore size.

Pore interactions lead to more uniform energy distribution ahead of cracks.

Abstract

It is widely known that hydrogels, a class of soft materials made of a polymer chain network, are prone to fatigue failure. To understand the underlying mechanism, here we simulate polymer scission and fatigue initiation in the vicinity of a crack tip in a two-dimensional chain network. For a network without pores, our findings reveal that polymer scission can take place across multiple layers of chains, rather than just a single layer as assumed in the classical Lake-Thomas theory, in consistency with previus studies. For a network with a high density of micropores, our results demonstrate that the pores can substantially enhance the intrinsic fracture energy of the network in direct proportion to the pore size. The underlying mechanism is attributed to pore-pore interactions which lead to a relatively uniform distribution of cohesive energy ahead of the crack tip. Our model suggests that micropores could be a promising strategy for improving the intrinsic fracture energy of hydrogels and that natural porous tissues may have evolved for enhanced fatigue resistance.