The Resurgence of the G(2) Group for the Strong Sector and the Emergence of Dark Matter

TL;DR

This paper explores the G(2) gauge group as a minimal extension of the strong interaction, proposing it as a viable framework for dark matter and beyond Standard Model physics, with detailed theoretical and astrophysical analysis.

Contribution

It introduces the G(2) gauge group as a novel, mathematically consistent extension of the Standard Model capable of explaining dark matter through massive scalar glueballs.

Findings

G(2) includes SU(3) as a subgroup and can host dark matter candidates.

The framework predicts massive complex scalar glueballs as dark matter.

The model aligns with experimental observations and offers new BSM insights.

Abstract

G(2) is the smallest exceptional group and it is the simplest and viable gauge group to minimally extend the strong interaction sector: G(2) includes the group SU(3) of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) as a maximal subgroup and it is equipped with six additional gluons that can acquire mass via a Higgs mechanism driven by a new Higgs particle and constitute dark matter. In this article I want to describe how the exceptional G(2) group can be a physical gauge group, capable of extending the Standard Model (SM) of particles and including a versatile dark sector, which is compatible with experimental observations. In fact, due to its peculiar mathematical features, the group G(2) manifests some complex features, not properly considered in literature, which guarantee its correct use in physics, as its {3}+anti{3} decompositions w.r.t. SU(3) can acquire a complex structure. The resulting framework can be a solid Beyond Standard Model (BSM) solution for the dark matter (DM) problem, in the form of massive complex scalar glueballs, and it includes the proper color representations for quarks and leptons. Several quantum field theory features are discussed, like the G(2) coupling constant running and its spectrum before and after the phase transition, along with all the DM astrophysical realizations, in order to present the unexpected potential of this gauge group.