Channel Charting in Real-World Coordinates with Distributed MIMO

TL;DR

This paper introduces methods to embed channel charts into real-world coordinates using distributed MIMO systems, combining bilateration and LoS bounding-box losses to improve positioning accuracy without ground-truth data.

Contribution

It proposes novel loss functions for channel charting that enable real-world coordinate embedding in distributed MIMO systems without requiring ground-truth positions.

Findings

Outperforms baseline methods in real-world coordinate embedding

Effectively combines bilateration and LoS bounding-box losses

Maintains self-supervised learning without ground-truth data

Abstract

Channel charting is an emerging self-supervised method that maps channel-state information (CSI) to a low-dimensional latent space (the channel chart) that represents pseudo-positions of user equipments (UEs). While channel charts preserve local geometry, i.e., nearby UEs are nearby in the channel chart (and vice versa), the pseudo-positions are in arbitrary coordinates and global geometry is typically not preserved. In order to embed channel charts in real-world coordinates, we first propose a bilateration loss for distributed multiple-input multiple-output (D-MIMO) wireless systems in which only the access point (AP) positions are known. The idea behind this loss is to compare the received power at pairs of APs to determine whether a UE should be placed closer to one AP or the other in the channel chart. We then propose a line-of-sight (LoS) bounding-box loss that places the UE in a predefined LoS area of each AP that is estimated to have a LoS path to the UE. We demonstrate the efficacy of combining both of these loss functions with neural-network-based channel charting using ray-tracing-based and measurement-based channel vectors. Our proposed approach outperforms several baselines and maintains the self-supervised nature of channel charting as it neither relies on geometrical propagation models nor on any ground-truth UE position information.