Voltage-controlled non-axisymmetric vibrations of soft electro-active tubes with strain-stiffening effect

TL;DR

This paper investigates how electro-mechanical biasing fields like voltage and pre-stretch influence the non-axisymmetric vibrations of soft electro-active tubes, providing a theoretical and numerical framework for tuning their dynamic responses.

Contribution

It develops a nonlinear electro-elasticity model and the State Space Method to analyze voltage-controlled vibrations of SEA tubes, including strain-stiffening effects and various vibration modes.

Findings

Electro-mechanical biasing fields can effectively tune vibration characteristics.

The proposed method accurately predicts static and dynamic responses.

Manipulating biasing fields enables control over resonance behaviors.

Abstract

Material properties of soft electro-active (SEA) structures are significantly sensitive to external electro-mechanical biasing fields (such as pre-stretch and electric stimuli), which generate remarkable knock-on effects on their dynamic characteristics. In this work, we analyze the electrostatically tunable non-axisymmetric vibrations of an incompressible SEA cylindrical tube under the combination of a radially applied electric voltage and an axial pre-stretch. Following the theory of nonlinear electro-elasticity and the associated linearized theory for superimposed perturbations, we derive the nonlinear static response of the SEA tube to the inhomogeneous biasing fields for the Gent ideal dielectric model. Using the State Space Method, we efficiently obtain the frequency equations for voltage-controlled small-amplitude three-dimensional non-axisymmetric vibrations, covering a wide range of behaviors, from the purely radial breathing mode to torsional modes, axisymmetric longitudinal modes, and prismatic diffuse modes. We also perform an exhaustive numerical analysis to validate the proposed approach compared with the conventional displacement method, as well as to elucidate the influences of the applied voltage, axial pre-stretch, and strain-stiffening effect on the nonlinear static response and vibration behaviors of the SEA tube. The present study clearly indicates that manipulating electro-mechanical biasing fields is a feasible way to tune the small-amplitude vibration characteristics of an SEA tube. The results should benefit experimental work on, and design of, voltage-controlled resonant devices made of SEA tubes.