Weak-Lensing Shear-Selected Galaxy Clusters from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program: I. Cluster Catalog, Selection Function and Mass--Observable Relation

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new catalog of galaxy clusters identified through weak gravitational lensing over 510 square degrees, along with a novel modeling framework for the mass--observable relation, advancing cosmological studies with upcoming surveys.

Contribution

It presents the first weak-lensing selected galaxy cluster catalog from the Hyper Suprime-Cam survey, including a new approach to modeling the mass--observable relation that reduces dependence on cosmological assumptions.

Findings

129 weak-lensing peaks identified with high confidence

Derived selection function and mass--observable relation accounting for uncertainties

Proposed a cosmology-insensitive modeling framework for cluster analysis

Abstract

We present the first step toward deriving cosmological constraints through the abundances of galaxy clusters selected in a $510\,\mathrm{deg}^2$ weak-lensing aperture mass map, constructed with the Year-Three shear catalog from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program. We adopt a conservative source galaxy selection to construct a sample of $129$ weak-lensing peaks with a signal-to-noise ratio above $4.7$. We use semi-analytical injection simulations to derive the selection function and the mass--observable relation of our sample. These results take into account complicated uncertainties associated with weak-lensing measurements, such as the non-uniform survey depth and the complex survey geometry, projection effects from uncorrelated large-scale structures, and the intrinsic alignment of source galaxies. We also propose a novel modeling framework to make parts of the mass--observable relation insensitive to assumed cosmological parameters. Such a framework not only offers a great computational advantage to cosmological studies, but can also benefit future astrophysical studies using shear-selected clusters. Our results are an important step toward utilizing these cluster samples that are constructed nearly independent of any baryonic assumptions in upcoming deep-and-wide lensing surveys from the Vera Rubin Observatory, Euclid, and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope.