Origin of the strong sodium absorption of the lensed supernova 2016geu at z=0.4

TL;DR

This study investigates the origin of exceptionally strong sodium absorption in the spectra of the lensed supernova 2016geu at z=0.4, revealing it likely arises from interstellar and circumgalactic material rather than circumstellar matter.

Contribution

It provides detailed spectral analysis of SN 2016geu, showing the sodium absorption is time-invariant and originates from interstellar and circumgalactic sources, not circumstellar matter.

Findings

SN 2016geu exhibits very strong, multiple Na I and Ca II absorption lines.

The absorption system is time-invariant over observed epochs.

Absorption likely arises from interstellar and circumgalactic material.

Abstract

The origin of strong sodium absorption, which has been observed for a few nearby Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), remains elusive. Here we analyse two high-signal-to-noise, intermediate-resolution VLT/X-shooter spectra at epochs $+$18 and $+$27 days past peak brightness of the strongly lensed and multiply-imaged Type Ia SN 2016geu which exploded at a redshift of $z = 0.4$. We show that SN 2016geu exhibits very strong, multiple Na I and Ca II absorption lines with a large total Na I D restframe equivalent width of 5.2 $\pm$ 0.2 A, among the highest ever detected for a SN Ia and similar to only a handful of nearby SNe Ia with extraordinary large Na I D EWs. The absorption system is time-invariant and extends over a large velocity span $\sim$ 250 km s$^{-1}$. The majority of the absorption is blueshifted relative to the strongest component, while there are both blueshifted and redshifted components relative to the systemic redshift of the galaxy. The column density ratios and widths of the absorption lines indicate that the absorption likely arises from a combination of interstellar dusty molecular clouds and circumgalactic in- and outflowing material, rather than circumstellar matter around the SN.