Femtosecond laser upscaling strategy and biological validation for dental screws with improved osteogenic performance

TL;DR

This study demonstrates a femtosecond laser technique to efficiently create osteogenic surface patterns on dental screws, significantly reducing processing time while maintaining high osteogenic potential for improved dental implant integration.

Contribution

The paper introduces a laser beam engineering method that scales up femtosecond laser surface texturing of dental screws within one minute, preserving osteogenic properties.

Findings

Radial LIPSS patterns enhance osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs.

Larger laser impact (R180) yields higher osteogenic potential.

Texturing a dental screw with R180 pattern takes only 40 seconds.

Abstract

Osseointegration is one of the key conditions for long term successful dental implantation. To this end, titanium alloys undergo plethora of surface treatments able to sustain osteogenic differentiation. For these surface treatments, femtosecond laser (FSL) can generate precise and reproducible surface patterns on titanium, avoiding thermal damage and chemical pollution. We recently identify that laser-induced periodic surface structure (LIPSS) with radial orientation, generated on model (flat) titanium surface, has a high osteogenic potential. However, nano-texturing is time consuming. In the present study, we aimed to reduce the texturing time of radial LIPSS, as well as processing of large commercially available dental screws by ways of laser beam engineering. Our objectives were to maintain at least osteogenic properties demonstrated on model surfaces by adjusting laser beam diameters and to demonstrate maintenance of performance with a dental screw texturing process not exceeding 1 minute.We first textured model surfaces with radial LIPSS by laser beams of different diameters, with surface impacts of 24$\mu$m, 80$\mu$m or 180$\mu$m, named as R24, R80 or R180 respectively. Osteogenic performance of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were compared; seeded on polished control surfaces and textured surfaces and subjected to osteogenic evaluation by cell/matrix imaging, qRT-PCR and mineral deposition quantification. All textured surfaces showed greater osteogenic potential than the control surfaces, with significantly higher efficacy on R180 surface. Therefore, R180 pattern with large beam impacts was chosen for texturing on a dental screw and its osteogenic activity was compared to that of a non-textured screw. Interestingly, R180 required only 40 seconds to be textured on whole screws, on which it preserved a high osteogenic potential. Thus, by using FSL technology, we have improved the osteogenic potential of a topographic pattern while optimizing and scaling up its processing time on a medical device.