Signed projective cubes, a homomorphism point of view

TL;DR

This paper explores signed projective cubes, their homomorphism properties, and connections to algebraic geometry, introducing new concepts like common product and extended double cover, with implications for graph coloring and geometric representations.

Contribution

It introduces the notion of common product of signed graphs, studies homomorphism properties of signed projective cubes, and links these graphs to algebraic surfaces like the Segre surface.

Findings

Every signed projective cube has circular chromatic number 4.

The 4-color theorem relates to mapping planar graphs into signed projective cubes of dimension 2.

The Segre graph is the intersection graph of 16 lines on the Segre surface.

Abstract

The (signed) projective cubes, as a special class of graphs closely related to the hypercubes, are on the crossroad of geometry, algebra, discrete mathematics and linear algebra. Defined as Cayley graphs on binary groups, they represent basic linear dependencies. Capturing the four-color theorem as a homomorphism target they show how mapping of discrete objects, namely graphs, may relate to special mappings of plane to projective spaces of higher dimensions. In this work, viewed as a signed graph, first we present a number of equivalent definitions each of which leads to a different development. In particular, the new notion of common product of signed graphs is introduced which captures both Cartesian and tensor products of graphs. We then have a look at some of their homomorphism properties. We first introduce an inverse technique for the basic no-homomorphism lemma, using which we show that every signed projective cube is of circular chromatic number 4. Then observing that the 4-color theorem is about mapping planar graphs into signed projective cube of dimension 2, we study some conjectures in extension of 4CT. Toward a better understanding of these conjectures we present the notion of extended double cover as a key operation in formulating the conjectures. With a deeper look into connection between some of these graphs and algebraic geometry, we discover that projective cube of dimension 4, widely known as the Clebsh graph, but also known as Greenwood-Gleason graph, is the intersection graph of the 16 straight lines of an algebraic surface known as Segre surface, which is a Del Pezzo surface of degree 4. We note that an algebraic surface known as the Clebsch surface is one of the most symmetric presentations of a cubic surface. Recall that each smooth cubic surface contains 27 lines. Hence, from hereafter, we believe, a proper name for this graph should be Segre graph.