GeoSEE: Regional Socio-Economic Estimation With a Large Language Model

TL;DR

GeoSEE leverages a large language model to integrate diverse data sources for accurate, cost-effective socio-economic estimation across countries, especially benefiting data-scarce regions and supporting global development goals.

Contribution

The paper introduces GeoSEE, a novel LLM-based framework that intelligently selects data modules and estimates socio-economic indicators across countries, outperforming existing models in low-data settings.

Findings

Outperforms other models in various countries and data conditions.

Effective in low-resource and under-developed country contexts.

Supports monitoring of Sustainable Development Goals.

Abstract

Moving beyond traditional surveys, combining heterogeneous data sources with AI-driven inference models brings new opportunities to measure socio-economic conditions, such as poverty and population, over expansive geographic areas. The current research presents GeoSEE, a method that can estimate various socio-economic indicators using a unified pipeline powered by a large language model (LLM). Presented with a diverse set of information modules, including those pre-constructed from satellite imagery, GeoSEE selects which modules to use in estimation, for each indicator and country. This selection is guided by the LLM's prior socio-geographic knowledge, which functions similarly to the insights of a domain expert. The system then computes target indicators via in-context learning after aggregating results from selected modules in the format of natural language-based texts. Comprehensive evaluation across countries at various stages of development reveals that our method outperforms other predictive models in both unsupervised and low-shot contexts. This reliable performance under data-scarce setting in under-developed or developing countries, combined with its cost-effectiveness, underscores its potential to continuously support and monitor the progress of Sustainable Development Goals, such as poverty alleviation and equitable growth, on a global scale.