An insertable glucose sensor using a compact and cost-effective phosphorescence lifetime imager and machine learning

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel, compact, and cost-effective optical glucose monitoring system that uses a phosphorescence lifetime imager and machine learning to accurately measure glucose levels through the skin, resilient to misalignments.

Contribution

The work presents a new integrated system combining a biocompatible phosphorescence sensor, a custom phosphorescence lifetime imager, and neural network inference for non-invasive glucose monitoring.

Findings

Achieved 88.8% inference accuracy in vitro.

Demonstrated resilience to misalignments up to 4.7 mm.

Accurately identified larger misalignments for user re-alignment.

Abstract

Optical continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems are emerging for personalized glucose management owing to their lower cost and prolonged durability compared to conventional electrochemical CGMs. Here, we report a computational CGM system, which integrates a biocompatible phosphorescence-based insertable biosensor and a custom-designed phosphorescence lifetime imager (PLI). This compact and cost-effective PLI is designed to capture phosphorescence lifetime images of an insertable sensor through the skin, where the lifetime of the emitted phosphorescence signal is modulated by the local concentration of glucose. Because this phosphorescence signal has a very long lifetime compared to tissue autofluorescence or excitation leakage processes, it completely bypasses these noise sources by measuring the sensor emission over several tens of microseconds after the excitation light is turned off. The lifetime images acquired through the skin are processed by neural network-based models for misalignment-tolerant inference of glucose levels, accurately revealing normal, low (hypoglycemia) and high (hyperglycemia) concentration ranges. Using a 1-mm thick skin phantom mimicking the optical properties of human skin, we performed in vitro testing of the PLI using glucose-spiked samples, yielding 88.8% inference accuracy, also showing resilience to random and unknown misalignments within a lateral distance of ~4.7 mm with respect to the position of the insertable sensor underneath the skin phantom. Furthermore, the PLI accurately identified larger lateral misalignments beyond 5 mm, prompting user intervention for re-alignment. The misalignment-resilient glucose concentration inference capability of this compact and cost-effective phosphorescence lifetime imager makes it an appealing wearable diagnostics tool for real-time tracking of glucose and other biomarkers.