Laser-target symmetry-breaking in high harmonic generation: from frequency shift to odd-even intensity modulation

TL;DR

This paper unifies the understanding of frequency shifts and odd-even intensity modulations in high harmonic generation, showing their common origin in system asymmetry and how they transition with laser pulse duration.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive framework linking two phenomena in HHG through asymmetry, supported by numerical and analytical models, revealing a transition based on laser pulse duration.

Findings

Frequency shift and intensity modulation are unified under asymmetry in HHG.

Transition from frequency shift to intensity modulation occurs with increasing pulse duration.

Numerical simulations and analytical models support the unified understanding.

Abstract

Although the frequency shift and odd-even intensity modulation in high-order harmonic generation (HHG) have both been observed for asymmetric laser-target systems, they are typically studied as two separate phenomena. In this Letter, we provide a comprehensive picture of these two nonlinear optical phenomena, unifying them through a common origin - asymmetry of the laser-target system. By tuning asymmetric laser-target systems, we discover a transition from the harmonic frequency shift to the odd-even intensity modulation upon increasing the duration of the driving laser pulse. Specifically, these phenomena are observed simultaneously for laser pulses with intermediate pulse duration. For numerical evidence, we solve the time-dependent Schr\"{o}dinger equation, while insight into the underlying physics is obtained from a simplified analytically tractable model. Understanding the asymmetric characteristics reflected in the HHG as provided is crucial for retrieving laser-target information, sampling external fields, and probing molecular dynamics.