Relativistic generalization of Feynman's path integral on the basis of extended Lagrangians

TL;DR

This paper extends Feynman's path integral formulation to relativistic quantum physics by developing a generalized Lagrangian formalism that includes non-homogeneous extended Lagrangians, enabling derivation of the Klein-Gordon equation.

Contribution

It introduces a class of extended Lagrangians beyond homogeneous forms, facilitating a relativistic generalization of Feynman's path integral approach.

Findings

Derived a relativistic path integral formulation using extended Lagrangians.

Showed that the Klein-Gordon equation emerges from the generalized path integral.

Presented an extended Lagrangian quadratic in velocities for a relativistic particle.

Abstract

In the extended Lagrange formalism of classical point dynamics, the system's dynamics is parametrized along a system evolution parameter $s$, and the physical time $t$ is treated as a \emph{dependent} variable $t(s)$ on equal footing with all other configuration space variables $q^{i}(s)$. In the action principle, the conventional classical action $L\,dt$ is then replaced by the generalized action $L_{\e}ds$. Supposing that both Lagrangians describe the same physical system then provides the correlation of $L$ and $L_{\e}$. In the existing literature, the discussion is restricted to only those extended Lagrangians $L_{\e}$ that are homogeneous forms of first order in the velocities. As a new result, it is shown that a class of extended Lagrangians $L_{\e}$ exists that are correlated to corresponding conventional Lagrangians $L$ \emph{without being homogeneous functions in the velocities}. With these extended Lagrangians, the system's dynamics is described as a motion on a hypersurface within a \emph{symplectic extended} phase space of even dimension. As a consequence of the formal similarity of conventional and extended Lagrange formalisms, Feynman's non-relativistic path integral approach can be converted into a form appropriate for \emph{relativistic} quantum physics. To provide an example, the non-homogeneous extended Lagrangian $L_{\e}$ of a classical relativistic point particle in an external electromagnetic field will be presented. This extended Lagrangian has the remarkable property to be a quadratic function in the velocities. With this $L_{\e}$, it is shown that the generalized path integral approach yields the Klein-Gordon equation as the corresponding quantum description. This result can be regarded as the proof of principle of the \emph{relativistic generalization} of Feynman's path integral approach to quantum physics.