Probing quantum complexity via universal saturation of stabilizer entropies

TL;DR

This paper investigates how stabilizer R'enyi entropies (SREs) behave in quantum systems under non-Clifford operations, revealing universal saturation points and their dependence on the R'enyi index, which relate to quantum complexity and resource quantification.

Contribution

It demonstrates the universal saturation of SREs at a critical point, analyzes the dependence on R'enyi index, and introduces new methods to compute SRE in random quantum evolutions.

Findings

SREs saturate at a critical non-Clifford operation density.

Universal behavior of SRE derivatives near the critical point.

Different scaling of critical points depending on R'enyi index and evolution type.

Abstract

Nonstabilizerness or `magic' is a key resource for quantum computing and a necessary condition for quantum advantage. Non-Clifford operations turn stabilizer states into resourceful states, where the amount of nonstabilizerness is quantified by resource measures such as stabilizer R\'enyi entropies (SREs). Here, we show that SREs saturate their maximum value at a critical number of non-Clifford operations. Close to the critical point SREs show universal behavior. Remarkably, the derivative of the SRE crosses at the same point independent of the number of qubits and can be rescaled onto a single curve. We find that the critical point depends non-trivially on R\'enyi index $\alpha$. For random Clifford circuits doped with T-gates, the critical T-gate density scales independently of $\alpha$. In contrast, for random Hamiltonian evolution, the critical time scales linearly with qubit number for $\alpha>1$, while is a constant for $\alpha<1$. This highlights that $\alpha$-SREs reveal fundamentally different aspects of nonstabilizerness depending on $\alpha$: $\alpha$-SREs with $\alpha<1$ relate to Clifford simulation complexity, while $\alpha>1$ probe the distance to the closest stabilizer state and approximate state certification cost via Pauli measurements. As technical contributions, we observe that the Pauli spectrum of random evolution can be approximated by two highly concentrated peaks which allows us to compute its SRE. Further, we introduce a class of random evolution that can be expressed as random Clifford circuits and rotations, where we provide its exact SRE. Our results opens up new approaches to characterize the complexity of quantum systems.