Optimal Control and Glassiness in Quantum Sensing

TL;DR

This paper explores advanced quantum control techniques for NV center-based sensing, revealing complex glassy energy landscapes that influence optimization strategies for enhanced sensitivity.

Contribution

It extends quantum sensing control methods beyond discrete pulses to continuous fields, linking the optimization challenge to classical glassy spin systems.

Findings

Optimization landscapes exhibit power-law autocorrelation growth similar to Ising spin glasses.

Continuous control protocols show slower, logarithmic autocorrelation growth, indicating a Heisenberg-like glassy landscape.

Mapping to classical frustrated spin systems provides new insights into quantum control complexity.

Abstract

Quantum systems are powerful detectors with wide-ranging applications from scanning probe microscopy of materials to biomedical imaging. Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, for instance, can be operated as qubits for sensing of magnetic field, temperature, or related signals. By well-designed application of pulse sequences, experiments can filter this signal from environmental noise, allowing extremely sensitive measurements with single NV centers. Recently, optimal control has been used to further improve sensitivity by modification of the pulse sequence, most notably by optimal placement of $\pi$ pulses. Here we consider extending beyond $\pi$ pulses, exploring optimization of a continuous, time-dependent control field. We show that the difficulty of optimizing these protocols can be mapped to the difficulty of finding minimum free energy in a classical frustrated spin system. While most optimizations we consider show autocorrelations of the sensing protocol that grow as a power law -- similar to an Ising spin glass -- the continuous control shows slower logarithmic growth, suggestive of a harder Heisenberg-like glassy landscape.