Intuitive study to the scalar boson stars formation

TL;DR

This paper investigates the formation of scalar boson stars from feebly interacting dark matter, exploring their properties, effective models, and formation mechanisms under gravitational and thermal influences.

Contribution

It introduces an effective description of scalar boson star formation considering finite temperature effects and hidden vector field fluxes, expanding understanding of dark matter compact objects.

Findings

Scalar boson stars can have masses exceeding that of the Sun.

Finite temperature effects influence the stability and formation of scalar boson stars.

Hidden vector fields play a role in the dynamical formation process.

Abstract

We study the feebly interacting dark matter with the Standard Model fields, where the preceding and the latter ones are the constituents of the bosonic cosmological objects, the scalar boson stars (BS). The scalar dark matter (SDM) massive fields can form the macroscopic scalar bound state when minimally coupled to gravity (GR). The star may have approximately a stationary form with an asymptotically flat geometry, and the maximal mass of the BS is larger than the solar mass. We consider an effective description of a more complete model with the (thermo)dynamic potential of the BS at finite temperature. The formation of the BS may also be explained in terms of the electric fluxes of the hidden vector field under the influence of the SDM field as the cosmological dynamical quantity minimally coupled to GR. The SDM fields may fluctuate with the temperature and is established around the equilibrium state at some weak background scale.