Methodology for Analyzing Proton Multiplicity Fluctuations with Azimuthal Partitions in Heavy-Ion Collisions

TL;DR

This paper proposes a new method to analyze proton multiplicity fluctuations in azimuthal partitions during heavy-ion collisions, aiming to detect signals of the phase transition between confined and deconfined matter.

Contribution

It introduces an innovative azimuthal partitioning approach and the $ riangle \sigma^2$ observable to study proton clustering and fluctuations, validated through simulations and modeling.

Findings

The $ riangle \sigma^2$ observable can effectively characterize proton clustering.

Simulation results demonstrate the method's feasibility for detecting phase transition signals.

The approach allows extraction of interaction strength and range among protons.

Abstract

A primary objective in high-energy heavy-ion collisions is to investigate the phase transition between confined and deconfined color matter. Complementary to the cumulants of conserved charges integrated over the full azimuth, we introduce a novel experimental approach to explore particle fluctuations in azimuthal partitions, which are potentially sensitive to the first-order phase transition in heavy-ion collisions. We evaluate proton multiplicity ($N_w$) fluctuations in azimuthal partitions of width $w$ to quantitatively estimate the clustering tendency among these protons. The $\Delta \sigma^2$ observable is defined as the normalized difference between the variance of the $N_w$ distribution and the binomial baseline. We demonstrate the feasibility and characteristics of this observable through simulations using the AMPT and MUSIC+FIST models. We also use a Gaussian correlation model to illustrate that the dependence of $\Delta \sigma^2$ on $w$ can be parameterized to accurately extract the strength and the range of the input interaction among protons.