Proportionally dense subgraphs of maximum size in degree-constrained graphs

TL;DR

This paper investigates the computational complexity of finding large proportionally dense subgraphs in graphs, showing NP-hardness in many cases but polynomial-time solutions under certain degree constraints.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive complexity analysis of maxPDS problems based on graph parameters and introduces polynomial algorithms for specific graph classes.

Findings

maxPDS is NP-hard for graphs with maximum degree 4, h-index 4, and degeneracy 2

maxPDS remains NP-hard on dense graphs with certain complement properties

polynomial-time algorithms exist for graphs with h-index ≤ 2 and for graphs with low complement h-index

Abstract

A proportionally dense subgraph (PDS) of a graph is an induced subgraph of size at least two such that every vertex in the subgraph has proportionally as many neighbors inside as outside of the subgraph. Then, maxPDS is the problem of determining a PDS of maximum size in a given graph. If we further require that a PDS induces a connected subgraph, we refer to such problem as connected maxPDS. In this paper, we study the complexity of maxPDS with respect to parameters representing the density of a graph and its complement. We consider $\Delta$, representing the maximum degree, $h$, representing the $h$-index, and degen, representing the degeneracy of a graph. We show that maxPDS is NP-hard parameterized by $\Delta,h$ and degen. More specifically, we show that maxPDS is NP-hard on graphs with $\Delta=4$, $h=4$ and degen=2. Then, we show that maxPDS is NP-hard when restricted to dense graphs, more specifically graphs $G$ such that $\Delta(\overline{G})\leq 6$, and graphs $G$ such that $degen(\overline{G}) \leq 2$ and $\overline{G}$ is bipartite, where $\overline{G}$ represents the complement of $G$. On the other hand, we show that maxPDS is polynomial-time solvable on graphs with $h\le2$. Finally, we consider graphs $G$ such that $h(\overline{G})\le 2$ and show that there exists a polynomial-time algorithm for finding a PDS of maximum size in such graphs. This result implies polynomial-time complexity on graphs with $n$ vertices of minimum degree $n-3$, i.e. graphs $G$ such that $\Delta(\overline{G})\le 2$. For each result presented in this paper, we consider connected maxPDS and explain how to extend it when we require connectivity.