Star formation activity of low-mass galaxies at the peak epoch of galaxy formation probed by deep narrow-band imaging

TL;DR

This study uses deep narrow-band imaging to investigate star formation in low-mass galaxies at high redshift, revealing environmental effects and galaxy interactions that enhance star formation in dense protocluster regions.

Contribution

It provides new observational evidence of environmental influence on low-mass galaxy star formation at $z\,\sim\,2$, highlighting differences between protoclusters and the field.

Findings

Enhanced star formation in low-mass galaxies within a young protocluster.

Central concentration of star formation in protocluster galaxies.

Environmental effects may trigger starbursts via galaxy interactions.

Abstract

Low-mass galaxies at high redshifts are the building blocks of more massive galaxies at later times and are thus key populations for understanding galaxy formation and evolution. We have made deep narrow-band observations for two protoclusters and the general field in COSMOS at $z$ $\sim$ 2. In a clumpy young protocluster, USS1558$-$003, at $z$ = 2.53, we find many star-forming galaxies well above the star-forming main sequence of field galaxies at the low-mass end ($M_{\star}/\mathrm{M_{\odot}}<10^{8.9}$). This suggests that some environmental effects may be at work in low-mass galaxies in high-density regions to enhance their star formation activities. In the core of this protocluster, we also find that enhanced star formation activity of middle-mass galaxies ($10^{8.9} < M_{\star}/\mathrm{M_{\odot}} < 10^{10.2}$) while such trends are not observed in a more mature protocluster, PKS1138$-$262 at $z$ = 2.16. We expect these activities to be mainly due to galaxy mergers/interactions and differences in the amount of cold gas accretion. As one piece of evidence, we show that the star formation activity within individual galaxies in the protoclusters is more centrally concentrated than those in the field. This is probably due to the enhanced interactions between galaxies in the protocluster, which can reduce the angular momentum of the gas, drive the gas towards the galaxy center, and lead to a central starburst.