Strategies to Counter Artificial Intelligence in Law Enforcement: Cross-Country Comparison of Citizens in Greece, Italy and Spain

TL;DR

This study compares citizens' counter-strategies against AI use by law enforcement in Greece, Italy, and Spain, revealing disparities and factors influencing strategic responses to security AI applications.

Contribution

It provides a cross-country analysis of citizen counter-strategies to law enforcement AI, highlighting disparities and influencing factors, which is a novel societal perspective.

Findings

Disparities in likelihood of counter-strategies across countries

Identification of factors increasing counter-strategy propensity

Highlights citizens' strategic responses to AI in law enforcement

Abstract

This paper investigates citizens' counter-strategies to the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by law enforcement agencies (LEAs). Based on information from three countries (Greece, Italy and Spain) we demonstrate disparities in the likelihood of ten specific counter-strategies. We further identified factors that increase the propensity for counter-strategies. Our study provides an important new perspective to societal impacts of security-focused AI applications by illustrating the conscious, strategic choices by citizens when confronted with AI capabilities for LEAs.