Three-stage Acceleration of Solar Energetic Particles Detected by Parker Solar Probe

TL;DR

This study documents a three-stage process of solar energetic particle acceleration driven by a CME, observed in situ by Parker Solar Probe, revealing new insights into particle acceleration during CME interactions and shock passages.

Contribution

It provides the first direct in situ measurements of particle acceleration during interplanetary CME interactions and shock passages, highlighting the multi-stage acceleration process.

Findings

Three-stage particle acceleration observed by PSP.

Enhanced particle spectra during CME interaction and shock passage.

CME interaction leads to stronger shocks and seed particle enrichment.

Abstract

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) drive powerful shocks and thereby accelerate solar energetic particles (SEPs) as they propagate from the corona into interplanetary space. Here we present the processes of three-stage particle acceleration by a CME-driven shock detected by the in situ spacecraft--Parker Solar Probe (PSP) on 2022 August 27. The onset of SEPs is produced by a fast CME with a speed of 1284 km/s when it propagates to $\sim$2.85 Rs. The second stage of particle acceleration occurs when the fast CME catches up and interacts with a preceding slow one in interplanetary space at $\sim$40 Rs ($\sim$0.19 au). The CME interaction is accompanied by an intense interplanetary type II radio enhancement. Such direct measurement of particle acceleration during interplanetary CME interaction/radio enhancement is rarely recorded in previous studies. The third stage of energetic storm particles is associated with the CME-driven shock passage of the PSP at $\sim$0.38 au. Obviously, harder particle spectra are found in the latter two stages than the first one, which can arise from a stronger shock produced by the CME interaction and the enriched seed particles inside the preceding CME.