Implications of in-ice volume scattering for radio-frequency neutrino experiments

TL;DR

This paper investigates how in-ice volume scattering affects radio-frequency signals from ultra-high energy neutrinos, highlighting its potential to both enhance detection via coherent scattering and hinder it through incoherent noise.

Contribution

It introduces the impact of coherent and incoherent volume scattering on neutrino detection signals and provides models for their effects on experimental observations.

Findings

Coherent volume scattering can produce short-duration signals similar to neutrino events.

Incoherent volume scattering persists longer and reduces signal-to-noise ratio.

Current data weakly constrain volume scattering contributions, suggesting need for calibration experiments.

Abstract

Over the last three decades, several experimental initiatives have been launched with the goal of observing radio-frequency signals produced by ultra-high energy neutrinos (UHEN) interacting in solid media. Observed neutrino event signatures comprise impulsive signals with duration of order the inverse of the antenna+system bandwidth ($\sim$10 ns), superimposed upon an incoherent (typically white noise) thermal noise spectrum. Whereas bulk volume scattering (VS) of radio-frequency (RF) signals is well-studied within the radio-glaciological communities, polar ice-based neutrino-detection experiments have thus far neglected VS in their signal projections. As discussed herein, coherent volume scattering (CVS, for which the phase of the incident signal is preserved during scattering) generated by in-ice neutrino interactions may similarly produce short-duration signal-like power, albeit with a slightly extended time structure, and thereby enhance neutrino detection rates, whereas incoherent (randomized phase) volume scattering (IVS) will persist for O(100 ns), appearing similar to thermal white noise and therefore reducing the measured Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of neutrino signals. Herein, we present the expected voltage profiles resulting from in-ice volume scattering as a function of the molecular scattering cross-section, for both CVS and IVS, and assess their impact on UHEN experiments. VS contributions are currently only weakly constrained by extant data; stronger limits may be obtained with dedicated calibration experiments.