Darker matter generating from the dark

TL;DR

This paper proposes a two-step freeze-in mechanism in a model with two hidden U(1) sectors, producing darker matter that can account for the observed relic density and address small-scale structure issues.

Contribution

It introduces a novel two-step freeze-in process involving two hidden sectors, leading to ultraweakly coupled dark matter candidates with potential astrophysical implications.

Findings

Darker matter can explain the entire dark matter relic density.

Darker matter exhibits velocity-dependent self-interactions.

Dark photon in the hidden sector may explain the 511 keV galactic photon signal.

Abstract

The non-detection of dark matter may be attributed to the dark matter residing in a darker hidden sector. We explore the possibility that a hidden sector produced through the freeze-in mechanism, can further generate an even more hidden sector via an additional freeze-in process. Such a two-step freeze-in process produces dark matter coupled weaker-than-ultraweakly to the standard model particles, and is thus referred to as the "darker matter". To illustrate the two-step freeze-in process, we study a model featuring two $U(1)$ hidden sectors. The first $U(1)$ sector is directly coupled to the standard model with feeble interactions, while the second $U(1)$ sector is directly coupled to the first $U(1)$ sector and thus only indirectly to the standard model, rendering it darker. Remarkably, darker matter candidates residing in the second darker $U(1)$ sector, generated from the two-step freeze-in process, can account for almost the entire observed dark matter relic density. The darker matter, interacted with standard model particles through ultraweak couplings, can exhibit velocity-dependent self-interacting cross-sections, which potentially provides an explanation for addressing problems associated with cosmic small-scale structures. Additionally, the dark photon darker matter residing in the darker hidden sector can be responsible for the galactic 511 keV photon signal, consistent with various dark matter density profiles.