An Ingot-like class of WaveFront Sensors for Laser Guide Stars

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel class of WaveFront Sensors called ingot WaveFront Sensors, designed specifically for Laser Guide Stars in Extremely Large Telescopes, addressing elongation issues and optimizing sensing capabilities.

Contribution

The paper describes the geometrical properties, design principles, and optomechanical implementations of ingot WaveFront Sensors tailored for Laser Guide Stars, including configurations for ELT applications.

Findings

Analysis of geometrical loci for Laser Guide Stars

Design recipes for 3- and 6-pupil sensor configurations

Comparison of sensitivity with conventional sensors

Abstract

Full sky coverage Adaptive Optics on Extremely Large Telescopes requires the adoption of several Laser Guide Stars as references.With such large apertures, the apparent elongation of the beacons is absolutely significant.With few exceptions,WaveFront Sensors designed for Natural Guide Stars are adapted and used in suboptimal mode in this context. We analyse and describe the geometrical properties of a class of WaveFront Sensors that are specifically designed to deal with Laser Guide Stars propagated from a location in the immediate vicinity of the telescope aperture. We describe in three dimensions the loci where the light of the Laser Guide Stars would focus in the focal volume located behind the focal plane (where astronomical objects are reimaged). We also describe the properties of several types of optomechanical devices that, through refraction and reflections, act as perturbers for this new class of pupil plane sensors, which we call ingot WaveFront Sensor. We give the recipes both for the most reasonable complex version of these WaveFront Sensors, with 6 pupils, and for the simplest one, with only 3 pupils. Both of them are referred to the ELT case. Elements to have a qualitative idea of how the sensitivity of such a new class of sensors compared to conventional ones are outlined. We present a new class of WaveFront Sensors, by carrying out the extension to the case of elongated sources at finite distance of the pyramid WaveFront Sensor and pointing out which advantages of the pyramid are retained and how it can be adopted to optimize the sensing.