Hydrodynamic modulation instability triggered by a two-wave system

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates experimentally that modulation instability in deep-water waves can be triggered by a single unstable sideband, expanding understanding beyond the traditional three-wave interaction model.

Contribution

It provides the first experimental evidence that MI can be initiated by a two-wave system including the peak frequency, validated by numerical simulations.

Findings

MI can be triggered by a single unstable sideband.

Experimental results agree with hydrodynamic simulations.

Long-term wave evolution shows shifted Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou cycles.

Abstract

The modulation instability (MI) is responsible for the disintegration of a regular nonlinear wave train and can lead to strong localizations in a from of rogue waves. This mechanism has been studied in a variety of nonlinear dispersive media, such as hydrodynamics, optics, plasma, mechanical systems, electric transmission lines, and Bose-Einstein condensates, while its impact on applied sciences is steadily growing. Following the linear stability analysis of weakly nonlinear waves, the classical MI dynamics, can be triggered when a pair of small-amplitude sidebands are excited within a particular frequency range around the main peak frequency. That is, a three-wave system is usually required to initiate the wave focusing process. Breather solutions of the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation (NLSE) revealed that MI can generate much more complex localized structures, beyond the three-wave system initialization approach or by means of a continuous spectrum. In this work, we report an experimental study for deep-water surface gravity waves asserting that a MI process can be triggered by a single unstable sideband only, and thus, from a two-wave process when including the contribution of the peak frequency. The experimental data are validated against fully nonlinear hydrodynamic numerical wave tank simulations and show very good agreement. The long-term evolution of such unstable wave trains shows a distinct shift in the recurrent Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou focusing cycles, which are captured by the NLSE and fully nonlinear hydrodynamic simulations with minor distinctions.