Antigenic Cooperation in Viral Populations: Redistribution of Loads Among Altruistic Viruses and Maximal Load per Altruist

TL;DR

This study analyzes how altruistic and persistent viral variants interact in cross-immunoreactivity networks, revealing limits on support capacity, autonomous behavior of altruistic viruses, and competitive dynamics affecting viral persistence.

Contribution

It demonstrates that altruistic viruses act independently, establishes upper limits for support of persistent variants, and explores stable local immunodeficiency in viral networks.

Findings

Altruistic viruses support a limited number of persistent variants.

Connections between altruistic viruses do not alter their roles or strengths.

Viruses compete strongly to achieve persistence in stable local immunodeficiency.

Abstract

The paper continues the study of the phenomenon of local immunodeficiency (LI) in viral cross-immunoreactivity networks, with a focus on the roles and interactions between altruistic and persistent viral variants. As always, only the state of stable (i.e. observable) LI is analysed. First, we show that a single altruistic viral variant has an upper limit for the number of persistent viral variants that it can support. Our findings reveal that in viral cross-immunoreactivity networks, altruistic viruses act essentially autonomously from each other. Namely, connections between altruistic viruses do not change neither their qualitative roles, nor the quantitative values of the strengths of their connections in the CRNs. In other words, each altruistic virus does exactly the same actions and with the same strengths with or without presence of other altruistic viruses. However, having more altruistic viruses allows to keep sizes of populations of persistent viruses at the higher levels. Likewise, the strength of the immune response against any altruistic virus remains at the same constant level regardless of how many persistent viruses this altruistic virus supports, i.e. shields from the immune response of the host's immune system. It is also shown that viruses strongly compete with each other in order to become persistent in the state of stable LI. We also present an example for a CRN with stable LI that only consists of persistent viral variants.