Emergent time crystal from a fractional Langevin equation with white and colored noise

TL;DR

This paper explores a fractional Langevin equation with white and colored noise, revealing emergent time crystal behavior and phase transitions, supported by analytical solutions and numerical simulations.

Contribution

It introduces a fractional Langevin model exhibiting time crystal phases driven by colored noise, with analytical expressions and numerical validation, extending the Caldeira-Leggett framework.

Findings

Time crystal behavior observed in zero-linear friction with colored noise.

Sub-diffusive regimes characterized by specific power laws.

Emergence of out-of-equilibrium time glass phase with white noise.

Abstract

We study the fractional Langevin equation with fractional $\alpha$-order and linear friction terms of a system coupled to white and colored thermal baths using both analytical and numerical methods. We find analytical expressions for the position and the mean squared displacement (MSD) of the system using the Prabhakar-Mittag-Leffler function. The MSD exhibits long-term sub-diffusive regimes $t^{\alpha}$ driven by colored noise and $t^{2\alpha-1}$ driven by white noise. When the linear friction is neglected, periodic ordered phases emerge for small fractional orders $\alpha \lesssim 0.1$. In particular, the zero-linear friction system driven only by colored noise manifests the properties of a time crystal, with a ground state satisfying the fluctuation-dissipation theorem and a periodicity proportional to $2\pi$. On the other hand, the zero-linear friction system driven only by white noise displays an out-of-equilibrium time glass phase with periodicity proportional to $\pi$. A mixed phase with contributions from both ground and out-of-equilibrium states is encountered when the system couples to both baths. In that case, the periodicity deviates from $2\pi$ due to damping effects. We test all the analytical results numerically by implementing a discrete recursive expression, where the random forces of the system are modeled as the derivative of the fractional Brownian motion. A microscopic description for the system is also provided by an extension of the Caldeira-Leggett model.