Classical and quantum thermodynamics described as a system-bath model: The dimensionless minimum work principle

TL;DR

This paper develops a unified thermodynamic framework for classical and quantum systems using a system-bath model, introducing dimensionless potentials and verifying results with numerical simulations of anharmonic Brownian systems.

Contribution

It introduces a dimensionless thermodynamic potential framework applicable to both classical and quantum systems, extending thermodynamics to small and non-equilibrium systems.

Findings

Verified numerical results for quantum and classical Brownian systems.

Established conditions for thermodynamics validity in small Hamiltonian systems.

Unified description of thermodynamic potentials via Legendre transformations.

Abstract

We formulate a thermodynamic theory applicable to both classical and quantum systems. These systems are depicted as thermodynamic system-bath models capable of handling isothermal, isentropic, thermostatic, and entropic processes. Our approach is based on the use of a dimensionless thermodynamic potential expressed as a function of the intensive and extensive thermodynamic variables. Using the principles of dimensionless minimum work and dimensionless maximum entropy derived from quasi-static changes of external perturbations and temperature, we obtain the Massieu-Planck potentials as entropic potentials and the Helmholtz-Gibbs potentials as free energy. These potentials can be interconverted through time-dependent Legendre transformations. Our results are verified numerically for an anharmonic Brownian system described in phase space using the low-temperature quantum Fokker-Planck equations in the quantum case and the Kramers equation in the classical case, both developed for the thermodynamic system-bath model. Thus, we clarify the conditions for thermodynamics to be valid even for small systems described by Hamiltonians and establish a basis for extending thermodynamics to non-equilibrium conditions.