Gravitational waves in $f(Q)$ non-metric gravity without gauge fixing

TL;DR

This paper analyzes gravitational wave polarizations in $f(Q)$ non-metric gravity, concluding only the two tensor modes of General Relativity propagate, with no additional scalar modes, and clarifying the role of gauge invariance and test particle motion.

Contribution

It demonstrates that $f(Q)$ gravity propagates only the standard tensor modes, unlike $f(R)$ gravity, and clarifies the gauge invariance and geodesic motion in this framework.

Findings

Only tensor modes propagate in $f(Q)$ gravity.

Scalar modes are absent in the linearized theory.

Test particles follow geodesics, not autoparallels.

Abstract

We investigate the polarization modes of gravitational waves in $f(Q)$ non-metric gravity without gauge fixing. The main result of this study is that no further scalar mode appears more than the two standard plus and cross transverse polarizations of massless tensor gravitational radiation, typical of General Relativity. This is because the first-order perturbation of connection does not modify the linearized field equations in vacuum which remain gauge invariant. Then, the world line equations of free point particles, as well as the equations of their deviations, are obtained using only the symmetric teleparallel connection. In $f(Q)$ gravity, test masses follow timelike geodesics and not autoparallel curves. In the proper reference frame, thanks to the geodesic deviation equation of the structure-less bodies in free fall, we prove that, in any gauge, only the metric perturbations $h_{\mu\nu}$, related to tensor modes, survive by exploiting the gauge invariance. Besides, scalar modes disappear. This allows us to conclude that only two degrees of freedom of linearized $f(Q)$ non-metric gravity propagate as in General Relativity and in $f(T)$ teleparallel gravity. The situation is different with respect to $f(R)$ gravity (with $f(R)\neq R$) where a further scalar mode is found.