Thermodynamics of Sodium-Lead Alloys for Negative Electrodes from First-Principles

TL;DR

This study uses first-principles calculations to explore the thermodynamics and phase diagram of Na-Pb alloys, aiming to assess their potential as high-capacity negative electrodes in sodium-ion batteries.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed thermodynamic analysis and phase diagram of the Na-Pb system, highlighting the lack of solid-solution behavior at high Na concentrations.

Findings

Na-Pb system exhibits strong ordering tendencies in intermetallics.

No solid-solution behavior observed at intermediate and high Na concentrations.

Phase boundaries of key phases like Pb-rich FCC and NaPb3 are elucidated.

Abstract

Metals, such as tin, antimony, and lead (Pb) have garnered renewed attention for their potential use as alloyant-negative electrode materials in sodium (Na)-ion batteries (NIBs). Despite Pb's toxicity and its high molecular weight, lead is one of the most commonly recycled metals, positioning Pb as a promising candidate for a cost-effective, high-capacity anode material. Understanding the miscibility of Na into Pb is crucial for the development of high-energy density negative electrode materials for NIBs. Using a first-principles multiscale approach, we analyze the thermodynamic properties and estimate the Na-alloying voltage of the Na-Pb system by constructing the compositional phase diagram. In the Pb-Na system, we elucidate the phase boundaries of important phases, such as Pb-rich face-centered cubic and $\beta$-NaPb$_3$, thereby improving our understanding of the phase diagram of the Na-Pb alloy. Due to the strong ordering tendencies of the Na-Pb intermetallics (such as NaPb, Na$_5$Pb$_2$, and Na$_{15}$Pb$_4$), we do not observe any solid-solution behavior at intermediate and high Na concentrations.