Dual-ratio approach to pulse oximetry and the effect of skin tone

TL;DR

This study introduces a Dual-Ratio pulse oximetry method designed to reduce the influence of individual anatomical features like skin tone, demonstrating improved stability over traditional methods through simulations and in vivo tests.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel Dual-Ratio approach for pulse oximetry that suppresses confounding effects of skin tone and tissue heterogeneity, validated by simulations and experiments.

Findings

SpO2 variation due to skin tone is about 1%.

Heterogeneous pulsatile hemodynamics cause around 10% variation.

DR measurements show less variability than traditional methods.

Abstract

Significance: Pulsatile blood Oxygen Saturation (SpO2 ) via pulse oximetry is a valuable clinical metric for assessing oxygen delivery. Individual anatomical features, including skin tone, may affect current optical pulse oximetry methods. Aim: Develop an optical pulse oximetry method based on Dual-Ratio (DR) measurements to suppress individual anatomical features on SpO2. Approach: Design a DR-based finger pulse oximeter, hypothesizing that DR would suppress confounds from optical coupling and superficial tissue-absorption. This method is tested using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and in vivo experiments. Results: Different melanosome volume fraction in the epidermis, a surrogate for skin tone, cause changes in the recovered SpO2 on the order of 1%. Different heterogeneous pulsatile hemodynamics cause greater changes on the order of 10%. SpO2 recovered with DR measurements showed less variability than the traditional Single-Distance (SD) transmission method. Conclusions: For the models and methods considered here, SpO2 measurements are more strongly impacted by heterogeneous pulsatile hemodynamics than by melanosome volume fraction. This is consistent with previous reports that, the skin tone bias is smaller than the observed variation in recovered SpO 2 across individual people. The partial suppression of variability in the SpO2 recovered by DR suggests promise of DR for pulse oximetry.