Sensitivity of K$\beta$ mainline X-ray emission to structural dynamics in iron photosensitizer

TL;DR

This study investigates how Kβ mainline X-ray emission spectroscopy can detect structural dynamics in iron photosensitizers, revealing spectral shifts linked to metal-ligand distances and aiding in understanding photocatalytic processes.

Contribution

It demonstrates the sensitivity of Kβ XES to structural changes in iron complexes using advanced simulation methods, highlighting its potential for probing non-equilibrium structures.

Findings

Kβ XES shows a spectral blue-shift with increasing metal-ligand distance.

Kβ sensitivity to structural dynamics is twice that of Kα.

Simulations suggest Kβ XES can detect oscillations due to wavepacket dynamics.

Abstract

Photochemistry and photophysics processes involve structures far from equilibrium. In these reactions, there is often strong coupling between nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom. For first-row transition metals, K$\beta$ X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) is a sensitive probe of electronic structure due to the direct overlap between the valence orbitals and the 3p hole in the final state. Here the sensitivity of K$\beta$ mainline (K$\beta$1,3) XES to structural dynamics is analyzed by simulating spectral changes along the excited state dynamics of an iron photosensitizer [FeII(bmip)2]2+ [bmip = 2,6-bis(3-methyl-imidazole-1-ylidine)-pyridine], using both restricted active space (RAS) multiconfigurational wavefunction theory and a one-electron orbital-energy approach in density-functional theory (1-DFT). Both methods predict a spectral blue-shift with increasing metal-ligand distance, which changes the emission intensity for any given detection energy. These results support the suggestion that the [FeII(bmip)2]2+ femtosecond K$\beta$ XES signal shows oscillations due to coherent wavepacket dynamics. Based on the RAS results, the sensitivity to structural dynamics is twice as high for K$\beta$ compared to K$\alpha$, with the drawback of a lower signal-to-noise ratio. K$\beta$ sensitivity is favored by a larger spectral blue-shift with increasing metal-ligand distance and larger changes in spectral shape. Comparing the two simulations methods, 1-DFT predicts smaller energy shifts and lower sensitivity, likely due to missing final-state effects. The simulations can be used to design and interpret XES probes of non-equilibrium structures to gain mechanistic insights in photocatalysis.