DiM: Diffusion Mamba for Efficient High-Resolution Image Synthesis

TL;DR

This paper introduces Diffusion Mamba (DiM), a novel high-resolution image synthesis method combining the efficiency of Mamba sequence models with diffusion models, achieving faster inference and training efficiency for high-res images.

Contribution

We propose DiM, a new architecture that integrates Mamba with diffusion models, including design innovations for 2D signals and training strategies for high-resolution image generation.

Findings

DiM achieves inference-time efficiency for high-resolution images.

Pretraining on low-res images and finetuning improves training efficiency.

Training-free upsampling enables higher-resolution image generation.

Abstract

Diffusion models have achieved great success in image generation, with the backbone evolving from U-Net to Vision Transformers. However, the computational cost of Transformers is quadratic to the number of tokens, leading to significant challenges when dealing with high-resolution images. In this work, we propose Diffusion Mamba (DiM), which combines the efficiency of Mamba, a sequence model based on State Space Models (SSM), with the expressive power of diffusion models for efficient high-resolution image synthesis. To address the challenge that Mamba cannot generalize to 2D signals, we make several architecture designs including multi-directional scans, learnable padding tokens at the end of each row and column, and lightweight local feature enhancement. Our DiM architecture achieves inference-time efficiency for high-resolution images. In addition, to further improve training efficiency for high-resolution image generation with DiM, we investigate "weak-to-strong" training strategy that pretrains DiM on low-resolution images ($256\times 256$) and then finetune it on high-resolution images ($512 \times 512$). We further explore training-free upsampling strategies to enable the model to generate higher-resolution images (e.g., $1024\times 1024$ and $1536\times 1536$) without further fine-tuning. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our DiM. The code of our work is available here: {\url{https://github.com/tyshiwo1/DiM-DiffusionMamba/}}.