The variation in the response of solar full-disc magnetographs

TL;DR

This study compares solar magnetograms from multiple instruments over time, analyzing how instrument response variations affect measurements of solar magnetic activity and providing calibration methods to improve data consistency.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed cross-calibration approach for solar magnetograph data, accounting for instrument response changes over time and across different signal levels and disc positions.

Findings

Instrument response changes can cause significant measurement variations during certain events.

Cross-calibration reduces measurement uncertainties to below 8-14% for magnetogram signals.

Instrument instability effects are generally small, with less than 2% impact on magnetic flux measurements.

Abstract

We compared magnetograms from the KPVT/SPM, SoHO/MDI, SOLIS/VSM, and SDO/HMI with the aim of probing the effect on measured solar magnetism of the variation in instrument response with time, magnetogram signal level, and position on the solar disc. Taking near-simultaneous observations from the various instruments, we examined the surface coverage by magnetic activity and the effect of cross-calibrating the various instruments under different assumptions. By comparing the surface coverage by magnetic activity in the observations from the various instruments, we traced the effect of the time variation in instrument response on the longitudinal magnetogram signal and disc-integrated unsigned magnetic flux. This yielded evidence of acute changes in the response of MDI and VSM with certain events such as the SoHO vacation in 1998 and the upgrade of the VSM CCD camera in 2009. Excluding these changes, the effect of instrument instability on the magnetogram signal and disc-integrated magnetic flux appears to be rather benign, with an associated uncertainty of less than 2%. We determined the magnetogram signal ratio between each instrument pairing as a function of magnetogram signal level and distance from disc centre and with it cross-calibrated the various instruments. We compared the result with that from repeating the cross-calibration with the overall magnetogram signal ratio. This allowed us to estimate the uncertainty in the magnetogram signal associated with the variation in instrument response with magnetogram signal level and distance from disc centre to be about 8% to 14%. The corresponding uncertainty in the disc-integrated magnetic flux is about 7% to 23 %. The results here will be useful to the interpretation of SPM, MDI, VSM, and HMI magnetograms. As examples, we applied our findings to selected results from earlier studies based on such data.