Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Programme overview and pipeline for compact- and diffuse-emission photometry

TL;DR

The paper presents the Euclid Early Release Observations pipeline, demonstrating its ability to produce high-quality images and catalogs for diverse astronomical objects, showcasing Euclid's capabilities before the main mission.

Contribution

It introduces a pragmatic, data-driven pipeline for early Euclid data, enabling high-precision photometry and imaging of compact and diffuse sources within months of launch.

Findings

Achieved a PSF FWHM of 0.16" (VIS) and 0.49" (NIR)

Flux calibration accuracy of about 1% (VIS) and 10% (NIR)

Median surface brightness detection limits of 29.9 AB mag/arcsec^2 (VIS) and 28.3 AB mag/arcsec^2 (NIR)

Abstract

The Euclid ERO showcase Euclid's capabilities in advance of its main mission, targeting 17 astronomical objects, from galaxy clusters, nearby galaxies, globular clusters, to star-forming regions. A total of 24 hours observing time was allocated in the early months of operation, engaging the scientific community through an early public data release. We describe the development of the ERO pipeline to create visually compelling images while simultaneously meeting the scientific demands within months of launch, leveraging a pragmatic, data-driven development strategy. The pipeline's key requirements are to preserve the image quality and to provide flux calibration and photometry for compact and extended sources. The pipeline's five pillars are: removal of instrumental signatures; astrometric calibration; photometric calibration; image stacking; and the production of science-ready catalogues for both the VIS and NISP instruments. We report a PSF with a full width at half maximum of 0.16" in the optical and 0.49" in the three NIR bands. Our VIS mean absolute flux calibration is accurate to about 1%, and 10% for NISP due to a limited calibration set; both instruments have considerable colour terms. The median depth is 25.3 and 23.2 AB mag with a SNR of 10 for galaxies, and 27.1 and 24.5 AB mag at an SNR of 5 for point sources for VIS and NISP, respectively. Euclid's ability to observe diffuse emission is exceptional due to its extended PSF nearly matching a pure diffraction halo, the best ever achieved by a wide-field, high-resolution imaging telescope. Euclid offers unparalleled capabilities for exploring the LSB Universe across all scales, also opening a new observational window in the NIR. Median surface-brightness levels of 29.9 and 28.3 AB mag per square arcsec are achieved for VIS and NISP, respectively, for detecting a 10 arcsec x 10 arcsec extended feature at the 1 sigma level.