Memory Burden Effect in Black Holes and Solitons: Implications for PBH

TL;DR

This paper explores the memory burden effect in black holes and solitons, revealing how it stabilizes systems with high information capacity, impacts black hole evaporation, and suggests primordial black holes as dark matter candidates.

Contribution

It identifies memory burden regimes in Hamiltonian systems, establishes a microscopic correspondence in black holes and solitons, and distinguishes quantum memory stabilization from classical hair effects.

Findings

Memory burden suppresses black hole decay after half mass emission.

Primordial black holes may survive as dark matter due to memory effects.

Spread of stabilized masses of primordial black holes is model-independent.

Abstract

The essence of the \textit{memory burden} effect is that a load of information carried by a system stabilizes it. This universal effect is especially prominent in systems with a high capacity of information storage, such as black holes and other objects with maximal microstate degeneracy, the entities universally referred to as \textit{saturons}. The phenomenon has several implications. The memory burden effect suppresses a further decay of a black hole, the latest, after it has emitted about half of its initial mass. As a consequence, the light primordial black holes (PBHs), that previously were assumed to be fully evaporated, are expected to be present as viable dark matter candidates. In the present paper, we deepen the understanding of the memory burden effect. We first identify various memory burden regimes in generic Hamiltonian systems and then establish a precise correspondence in solitons and in black holes. We make transparent, at a microscopic level, the fundamental differences between the stabilization by a quantum memory burden versus the stabilization by a long-range classical hair due to a spin or an electric charge. We identify certain new features of potential observational interest, such as the model-independent spread of the stabilized masses of initially degenerate PBHs.