Aligning Transformers with Continuous Feedback via Energy Rank Alignment

TL;DR

This paper introduces Energy Rank Alignment (ERA), a scalable, gradient-based method for optimizing autoregressive models to generate molecules and proteins with desired properties, effectively addressing the molecular search and alignment problems.

Contribution

ERA provides a novel, reward-driven, gradient-based optimization algorithm for molecular and protein generation, closely related to PPO and DPO, without requiring reinforcement learning.

Findings

ERA converges to an ideal Gibbs-Boltzmann distribution.

It performs well with limited preference data.

It robustly generates molecules and proteins with specified properties.

Abstract

Searching through chemical space is an exceptionally challenging problem because the number of possible molecules grows combinatorially with the number of atoms. Large, autoregressive models trained on databases of chemical compounds have yielded powerful generators, but we still lack robust strategies for generating molecules with desired properties. This molecular search problem closely resembles the "alignment" problem for large language models, though for many chemical tasks we have a specific and easily evaluable reward function. Here, we introduce an algorithm called energy rank alignment (ERA) that leverages an explicit reward function to produce a gradient-based objective that we use to optimize autoregressive policies. We show theoretically that this algorithm is closely related to proximal policy optimization (PPO) and direct preference optimization (DPO), but has a minimizer that converges to an ideal Gibbs-Boltzmann distribution with the reward playing the role of an energy function. Furthermore, this algorithm is highly scalable, does not require reinforcement learning, and performs well relative to DPO when the number of preference observations per pairing is small. We deploy this approach to align molecular transformers and protein language models to generate molecules and protein sequences, respectively, with externally specified properties and find that it does so robustly, searching through diverse parts of chemical space.