Particle identification capability of a homogeneous calorimeter composed of oriented crystals

TL;DR

This study uses simulations to show that a calorimeter made of oriented crystals can significantly improve particle identification, especially neutron-gamma discrimination, compared to non-oriented crystal detectors.

Contribution

First quantitative evaluation of particle identification capabilities of an oriented crystal calorimeter using Geant4 simulations.

Findings

Oriented crystals produce more compact electromagnetic showers.

Orientation enhances neutron-gamma discrimination performance.

Simulations demonstrate improved classifier accuracy with oriented crystals.

Abstract

Recent studies have shown that the electromagnetic shower induced by a high-energy electron, positron or photon incident along the axis of an oriented crystal develops in a space more compact than the ordinary. On the other hand, the properties of the hadronic interactions are not affected by the lattice structure. This means that, inside an oriented crystal, the natural difference between the hadronic and the electromagnetic shower profile is strongly accentuated. Thus, a calorimeter composed of oriented crystals could be intrinsically capable of identifying more accurately the nature of the incident particles, with respect to a detector composed only of non-aligned crystals. Since no oriented calorimeter has ever been developed, this possibility remains largely unexplored and can be investigated only by mean of numerical simulations. In this work, we report the first quantitative evaluation of the particle identification capability of such a calorimeter, focusing on the case of neutron-gamma discrimination. We demonstrate through Geant4 simulations that the use of oriented crystals significantly improves the performance of a Random Forest classifier trained on the detector data. This work is a proof that oriented calorimeters could be a viable option for all the environments where particle identification must be performed with a very high accuracy, such as future high-intensity particle physics experiments and satellite-based gamma-ray telescopes.