Limitations of the rate-distribution formalism in describing luminescence quenching in the presence of diffusion

TL;DR

This paper critiques the use of rate-distribution formalism for luminescence quenching in systems with diffusion, highlighting its limitations when molecular motion affects quenching dynamics.

Contribution

It demonstrates that the rate-distribution approach is only physically meaningful for immobile molecules and is inadequate for systems with significant diffusion.

Findings

Rate-distribution formalism is valid only for immobile fluorophores.

Diffusion invalidates the physical interpretation of rate distributions.

Using rate distributions in diffusive systems can lead to incorrect conclusions.

Abstract

When encountering complex fluorescence decays that deviate from exponentiality, a very appealing and powerful approach is to use lifetime (or equivalent rate constant) distributions. These are related by Laplace transform to multi-exponential functions, stretched exponentials, Becquerel's law, and others. In the case of bimolecular quenching, time-independent probability distributions of the rate constants have occasionally been used. Here we show that this mathematical formalism has a clear physical interpretation only when the fluorophore and quencher molecules are immobile, as in the solid state. However, such an interpretation is no longer possible once we consider the motion of fluorophores with respect to quenchers. Therefore, for systems in which the relative motion of fluorophores and quenchers cannot be neglected, it is not appropriate to use the time-independent continuous reaction rate or decay time distributions to describe, fit, or rationalize experimental results.