The ideal trial: defining causal estimands that balance relevance and feasibility in target trial emulations and actual randomized trials

TL;DR

This paper discusses how to define and specify ideal and target trials in causal inference, emphasizing balancing real-world relevance with estimation feasibility to better manage biases in observational and experimental studies.

Contribution

It clarifies the relationship between ideal trials, target trials, and actual studies, proposing a balanced approach to specifying target trials that accounts for bias and feasibility.

Findings

Aligning target trials with observational data can introduce bias relative to the ideal trial.

Considering the ideal trial helps identify and manage biases in causal inference.

A respiratory epidemiology example illustrates the practical application of these concepts.

Abstract

Causal inference is the goal of randomized trials and many observational studies. The first step in a formal causal inference framework is to define the causal estimand, and in both types of study this can be intuitively defined as the effect in an ideal trial: a hypothetical perfect randomized experiment (with representative sample, perfect adherence, etc.). The target trial framework is increasingly used for causal inference in observational studies, but clarity is lacking in how a target trial should be specified and how it relates to an ideal trial. In this paper, we review the concept of the ideal trial and highlight the need to balance relevance for decision-making in the real world and feasibility of estimation when specifying it. We then consider the question of how a target trial should be specified, outlining the challenges of a recommended approach, commonly seen in applications, that puts the focus heavily on feasibility of estimation: to specify the target trial such that it is closely aligned with the observational data (e.g. uses the same eligibility criteria). We argue that with this "aligned" approach, biases may remain relative to the estimand of ultimate practical interest, defined by the ideal trial, which mirror the often-overlooked biases of actual trials. We conclude that consideration of the ideal trial and of how the target trial and its emulation or the actual trial differ from it is necessary to identify and manage all bias sources in both settings. An example from respiratory epidemiology is used for illustration.