Three-dimensional Magneto-hydrodynamic Simulations of Core-collapse Supernovae: I. Hydrodynamic evolution and protoneutron star properties

TL;DR

This study uses 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations to analyze core-collapse supernovae, revealing how explosion properties and neutron star characteristics correlate with progenitor compactness and providing insights into explosion mechanisms and remnant features.

Contribution

First 3D MHD simulations covering a range of progenitors, linking explosion outcomes and neutron star properties to progenitor compactness and dynamics.

Findings

Neutrino-driven explosions occur within 0.3 s after bounce for all models.

Explosion energy correlates with progenitor compactness, peaking at 23-24 M_sun.

Predicted neutron star masses and spin periods match observational data.

Abstract

We present results from three-dimensional, magnetohydrodynamic, core-collapse simulations of sixteen progenitors following until 0.5 s after bounce. We use non-rotating solar-metallicity progenitor models with zero-age main-sequence mass between 9 and 24 $M_{\odot}$. The examined progenitors cover a wide range of the compactness parameter including a peak around $23 M_{\odot}$. We find that neutrino-driven explosions occur for all models within 0.3 s after bounce. We also find that the properties of the explosions and the central remnants are well correlated with the compactness. Early shock evolution is sensitive to the mass accretion rate onto the central core, reflecting the density profile of the progenitor stars. The most powerful explosions with diagnostic explosion energy $E_{\rm exp} \sim 0.75 \times 10^{51}$ erg are obtained by 23 and 24 $M_{\odot}$ models, which have the highest compactness among the examined models. These two models exhibit spiral SASI motions during 150-230 ms after bounce preceding a runaway shock expansion and leave a rapidly rotating neutron star with spin periods $\sim 50$ ms. Our models predict the gravitational masses of the neutron star ranging between $1.22 M_{\odot}$ and $1.67 M_{\odot}$ and their spin periods 0.04-4 s. The number distribution of these values roughly matches observation. On the other hand, our models predict small hydrodynamic kick velocity (15-260 km/s), although they are still growing at the end of our simulations. Further systematic studies, including rotation and binary effects, as well as long-term simulations up to several seconds, will enable us to explore the origin of various core-collapse supernova explosions.