The significant contribution of supersoft X-ray Sources to the nebular HeII line emission

TL;DR

This paper investigates how supersoft X-ray sources (SSSs) can explain the high-energy ext{HeII} emission lines observed in star-forming galaxies, proposing a model that aligns with observed line ratios across different redshifts.

Contribution

It demonstrates that SSSs can significantly contribute to ext{HeII} line emission in galaxies, providing a plausible explanation for high-energy ionization not accounted for by stellar sources.

Findings

Blackbody spectra with temperatures 10-100 eV can reproduce observed ext{HeII}/Heta ratios.

Inclusion of SSSs aligns model predictions with observations from SDSS and NIRSpec.

Estimated SSS populations support their role as primary ext{HeII} ionization sources.

Abstract

Nebular spectral lines provide insight into the properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) and the ionizing radiation within galaxies. The presence of high-energy ionization lines such as \heii indicates the existence of ionizing photons with energies exceeding the second ionization energy of helium ($54 \mathrm{eV})$. There is an enigma surrounding the origin of these lines observed in star-forming galaxies because stellar ionization cannot account for such high energy emission. This paper proposes that supersoft X-ray sources (SSSs) may produce the \heii ionization lines in star-forming galaxies. We model the spectra of SSSs using blackbody radiation and add them to the young stellar population spectra to represent the overall spectra of galaxies. Using a photoionization model, we predict the resulting \heiioptic and \hbeta line fluxes and inspect the contribution of SSSs to the elevation of the \heiioptic/\hbeta ratio in star-forming galaxies, both at low and high redshifts. We find that incorporating a blackbody with temperatures between $kT = 10-100 \mathrm{eV}$ can boost the \heiioptic/\hbeta line ratio to the levels observed in local galaxies by SDSS and in early galaxies by NIRSpec. This blackbody temperature range aligns with the observed temperatures of SSSs. The number of SSSs in spiral galaxies listed in Chandra catalogues, and our estimates of the total population, confirms that SSSs are promising candidates for the source of the \heii ionization.