The oldest stars with low neutron-capture element abundances and origins in ancient dwarf galaxies

TL;DR

This study identifies and analyzes ancient, extremely metal-poor stars with low neutron-capture element abundances, suggesting they originated from early dwarf galaxies that contributed to the formation of the Milky Way.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of Small Accreted Stellar System (SASS) stars and links their chemical and kinematic properties to early galactic building blocks.

Findings

SASS stars are fast-moving, retrograde halo objects with low neutron-capture elements.

These stars likely originated from early dwarf galaxies enriched by few supernovae.

Neutron-capture element patterns suggest sparse production and r-process nucleosynthesis in early systems.

Abstract

We present a detailed chemical abundance and kinematic analysis of six extremely metal-poor ($-4.2 \leq$ [Fe/H] $\leq-$2.9) halo stars with very low neutron-capture abundances ([Sr/H] and [Ba/H]) based on high-resolution Magellan/MIKE spectra. Three of our stars have [Sr/Ba] and [Sr/H] ratios that resemble those of metal-poor stars in ultra-faint dwarf galaxies (UFDs). Since early UFDs may be the building blocks of the Milky Way, extremely metal-poor halo stars with low, UFD-like Sr and Ba abundances may thus be ancient stars from the earliest small galactic systems that were accreted by the proto-Milky Way. We label these objects as Small Accreted Stellar System (SASS) stars, and we find an additional 61 similar ones in the literature. A kinematic analysis of our sample and literature stars reveals them to be fast-moving halo objects, all with retrograde motion, indicating an accretion origin. Because SASS stars are much brighter than typical UFD stars, identifying them offers promising ways towards detailed studies of early star formation environments. From the chemical abundances of SASS stars, it appears that the earliest accreted systems were likely enriched by a few supernovae whose light element yields varied from system to system. Neutron-capture elements were sparsely produced and/or diluted, with $r$-process nucleosynthesis playing a role. These insights offer a glimpse into the early formation of the Galaxy. Using neutron-capture elements as a distinguishing criterion for early formation, we have access to a unique metal-poor population that consists of the oldest stars in the universe.