The Algorithm for Solving Quantum Linear Systems of Equations With Coherent Superposition and Its Extended Applications

TL;DR

This paper introduces two universal quantum algorithms for solving linear systems with coherent superposition, enabling rank determination and solutions, and applies them to cryptographic algorithms with optimized CNOT gate usage.

Contribution

The paper presents novel, universal quantum algorithms for solving linear systems that can compute rank and solutions simultaneously, with detailed circuit constructions and applications to cryptography.

Findings

Algorithms can compute rank and solutions with one measurement.

Success probability analysis confirms effectiveness of the algorithms.

Algorithms reach the optimal CNOT gate count for solving quantum linear systems.

Abstract

Many quantum algorithms for attacking symmetric cryptography involve the rank problem of quantum linear equations. In this paper, we first propose two quantum algorithms for solving quantum linear systems of equations with coherent superposition and construct their specific quantum circuits. Unlike previous related works, our quantum algorithms are universal. Specifically, the two quantum algorithms can both compute the rank and general solution by one measurement. The difference between them is whether the data register containing the quantum coefficient matrix can be disentangled with other registers and keep the data qubits unchanged. On this basis, we apply the two quantum algorithms as a subroutine to parallel Simon's algorithm (with multiple periods), Grover Meets Simon algorithm, and Alg-PolyQ2 algorithm, respectively. Afterwards, we construct a quantum classifier within Grover Meets Simon algorithm and the test oracle within Alg-PolyQ2 algorithm in detail, including their respective quantum circuits. To our knowledge, no such specific analysis has been done before. We rigorously analyze the success probability of those algorithms to ensure that the success probability based on the proposed quantum algorithms will not be lower than that of those original algorithms. Finally, we discuss the lower bound of the number of CNOT gates for solving quantum linear systems of equations with coherent superposition, and our quantum algorithms reach the optimum in terms of minimizing the number of CNOT gates. Furthermore, our analysis indicates that the proposed algorithms are mainly suitable for conducting attacks against lightweight symmetric ciphers, within the effective working time of an ion trap quantum computer.