Simulation of the abstract Tile Assembly Model Using Crisscross Slats

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that DNA-based slat systems can simulate the abstract Tile Assembly Model (aTAM) with full computational power, offering more efficient and error-resilient self-assembly methods.

Contribution

It proves that slats can simulate any aTAM system, establishing their theoretical equivalence and providing more efficient constructions for complex assemblies.

Findings

Slats can simulate all classes of aTAM systems.

Simulation scale depends on system complexity, from 2c×2c to 5c×5c.

Slats offer potential for error-resilient DNA self-assembly.

Abstract

Tile assembly systems in the abstract Tile Assembly Model (aTAM) are computationally universal and capable of building complex shapes, but DNA-based implementations encounter formidable error rates that stifle this theoretical potential. Slat-based self-assembly is a recent development wherein DNA forms long slats that combine together in 2 layers, rather than the aTAM's square tiles in a plane. While tiles tend to bind to 2 neighboring tiles at a time, slats may bind to dozens of other slats. Large slat-based DNA constructions have been implemented in the lab with incredible resilience to many of the errors that plague tile-based constructions, but these come at a cost as slat-based systems are often more difficult to design and simulate. Also, it has not been clear if slats, with their larger sizes and different geometries, have the same theoretical capabilities as tiles. Here we show that slats do, at least at scale. We give constructions showing that any aTAM system may be simulated by a system of slats and that these can be made more efficiently, using shorter slats and a smaller scale factor, when simulating simpler classes of systems. We consider 5 classes of aTAM systems with increasing complexity, from zig-zag systems to the full class of all aTAM systems, and show how they can be converted to equivalent slat systems. Zig-zag systems can be simulated by slats at only a $2c \times 2c$ scale (where $c$ is the freely chosen cooperativity of the slats), the full class of aTAM systems at only a $5c \times 5c$ scale, and intermediate classes using scales between these. Together, these results prove that slats have the full theoretical power of aTAM tiles while providing constructions compact enough to potentially provide designs for DNA-based implementations of slat systems that are both capable of powerful algorithmic self-assembly and possessing the strong error resilience of slats.