Antiferromagnetic and spin spiral correlations in the doped two-dimensional Hubbard model: gauge symmetry, Ward identities, and dynamical mean-field theory analysis

TL;DR

This paper derives corrected Ward identities for spin stiffnesses in the doped 2D Hubbard model, emphasizing gauge invariance and verifying results through dynamical mean-field theory with doping-dependent spin stiffnesses.

Contribution

It provides a refined derivation of Ward identities accounting for gauge invariance and distinguishes between gauge kernels of different theories, with numerical verification in the Hubbard model.

Findings

Corrected Ward identities for spin stiffnesses are derived.

Spatial spin stiffnesses depend on the gauge kernel of the Legendre transformed theory.

Doping dependencies of spin stiffnesses are obtained through numerical DMFT analysis.

Abstract

We reconsider the derivation of Ward identities for spin stiffnesses, which determine the non-linear sigma model of magnetic degrees of freedom of interacting electrons in the presence of antiferromagnetic or incommensurate correlations. We emphasize that in the approaches, which do not break explicitly spin symmetry of the action, the spatial components of gauge kernel, which is used to obtain spin stiffnesses, remain gauge invariant even in case of spontaneous spin symmetry breaking. We derive the corrected Ward identities, which account for this gauge invariance. We emphasize that the frequency dependence of temporal spin stiffnesses is not fixed by the obtained identities, and show that the infinitesimally small external staggered field is crucially important to obtain finite static uniform transverse susceptibility. On the other hand, we find that the spatial spin stiffnesses are determined by the gauge kernel of the Legendre transformed theory, which is in general {\it different} from the gauge kernel of the original theory and obtain an explicit expressions for spatial spin stiffnesses through susceptibilities and current correlation functions. We verify numerically the obtained results within dynamic mean field theory, and obtain doping dependencies of the resulting spin stiffnesses for antiferromagnetic and incommensurate phase.